View source for Japan

==Country Details==

Japan: Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy, 日本 [Japanese]; Nippon. 

Language: Japanese

Currency: Japanese Yen [日本円 Japanese] JPY (¥]

See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan Wikipedia]

==National Railway System==

===UIC code===
numeric 42; 
alpha JP

===National Railway Operator===

The Japan Railways Group, commonly known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Railways_Group JR Group], took over the assets of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, and consists of seven for profit stock companies. No national rail operator exits now.

The seven JR companies are six geographically based passenger ones plus Japan Freight Railway Company; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Freight_Railway_Company JR Freight] which uses the tracks of the other six.

The passenger operators are, Going east to west;

*Hokkaido Railway Company; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_Railway_Company JR Hokkaido]

*East Japan Railway Company; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company JR East]	

*Central Japan Railway Company; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company JR Central]

*West Japan Railway Company; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company JR West]

*Shikoku Railway Company; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Railway_Company JR Shikoku]

*Kyushu Railway Company; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu_Railway_Company JR Kyushu]

===Private Railway Operators===
There are considered to be some 21 major and semi-major private railway operators:-

* [https://www.hankyu.co.jp/global/en/ Hankyu Railway] - Hankyu Corporation 阪急電鉄
* [https://www.hanshin.co.jp/global/en/ Hanshin Electric Railway] Co. Ltd. 阪神電気鉄道
* [https://www.keihan.co.jp/travel/en/ Keihan Electric Railway] 京阪電気鉄道
* Keikyu Corporation 京浜急行電鉄 (京急)
* [https://www.keio.co.jp/english/ Keio Corporation] 京王電鉄
* [https://www.keisei.co.jp/keisei/tetudou/skyliner/us/index.php Keisei Electric Railway] 京成電鉄
* [https://www.kintetsu.co.jp/foreign/english/ Kintetsu Railway] Co. Ltd. 近畿日本鉄道 (近鉄)
* [https://www.kita-kyu.co.jp/en/ Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway] 北大阪急行電鉄 (Kitakyū 北急)
* Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway 神戸高速鉄道 (subway, Category-3 railway operator)
* [https://www.meitetsu.co.jp/eng/ Nagoya Railroad] (Meitetsu) 名古屋鉄道 (名鉄)
* [https://www.nankai.co.jp/en_railway Nankai Electric Railway] 南海電気鉄道
* Nishi-Nippon Railroad 西日本鉄道 (西鉄 Nishitetsu)
* [https://www.odakyu.jp/english/ Odakyu Electric Railway] 小田急電鉄
* [https://www.sotetsu.co.jp/train/?wovn=en Sagami Railway] (Sotetsu) 相模鉄道 (相鉄)
* [https://www.sanyo-railway.co.jp/global/en/index.html Sanyo Electric Railway] 山陽電気鉄道
* [https://www.seiburailway.jp/railways/tourist/english/ Seibu Railway] 西武鉄道
* Semboku Rapid Railway
* [https://en.shinkeisei.co.jp/ Shin-Keisei Electric Railway] 新京成電鉄
* [https://www.tobu.co.jp/en/ Tobu Railway] Co. Ltd. 東武鉄道
* [https://www.tokyometro.jp/en/ Tokyo Metro] 東京地下鉄 (東京メトロ)
* [https://www.tokyu.co.jp/global/railway/line/ Tokyu Railways] - Tokyu Corporation 東京急行電鉄 (東急)

===Other Private and Third Sector Railways===

==Timetable==
Information is available at the [https://www.seat61.com/Japan.htm Man in Seat 61].
===Journey Planner===
JR journey planners:
* [https://www.jrhokkaido.co.jp/global/ JR Hokkaido]
* [https://transit.jre-maas.com/en JR East]
* [https://global.jr-central.co.jp/en/info/timetable/ JR Central Shinkansen timetable PDFs]
* [https://www.westjr.co.jp/global/en/timetable/ JR West journey planner]
* [https://www.jr-shikoku.co.jp/global/en/#mydia JR Shikoku]
* [https://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/english/train_reservation/service/ JR Kyushu reserved trains (note website not accessible using some VPNs)]


See also [https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2323.html Some Train Timetable and Route Finder apps and websites]
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===Downloadable Timetable===
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===Printed Timetable===
* Summary timetables are available in some editions of the [[Links#ERT | European Rail Timetable]].

* Timetables [in Japanese] are issued each month by JR and JTB.

The JTB Version also includes most private lines.
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===Engineering Information===
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==Maps==
===Printed Maps===

JTB Mook produce a rail atlas but in Japanese only.

[https://robert-schwandl.de/verlag-en.htm Robert Schwandl] Publishing have produced a 3 Volume series [https://robert-schwandl.de/jp/ Metros and Trams in Japan].

These have short descriptions of the systems [in German and English] with basic, but useful, diagrammatic maps of some complex city/town areas [which can include heavy rail e.g. JR lines] as well as many colour pictures of the rolling stock.

===Web-based Maps===

Many of the rail operators have diagrammatic maps of their systems but these will often miss out lines of their competitors.

==Ticketing==

===General Ticketing===
Standard single journeys on conventional [JR and Private] lines are generally mileage [well km] based with a rate per km reducing for longer journeys. Supplements are paid for Express and Limited Express trains, seat reservation and travel in Green Cars.
See [https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2359_001.html Regular tickets] for more information. If a ticket for the exact/whole trip cannot be obtained e.g. if it involves JR and private lines, a ticket to a known point can be purchased and an excess fare paid at the destination. It is understood paying excess fares this way caries no penalty as JR and the other private railways etc. recognise longer train trips in Japan can use complex routes.

On Shinkansen lines ticket pricing tends to be demand based like airlines, to compete with them and express bus operations. Prices can be lower if purchased in advance and for weekend travel or holiday periods e.g. as business demand may be lower. However for certain key national holiday periods, like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Week_%28Japan%29 "Golden Week"], with four national holidays in succession, domestic demand may be high and cheap fares restricted and reservations limited.

===Green Cars===

Green cars are the Japanese equivalent of first class, generally with larger seats/spacing and bigger windows, and on conventional lines can be used by paying a "Green Car" supplement on top of a standard ticket fare. The supplement can include a seat reservation or on some lines e.g. radiating from Tokyo a one off supplement can be purchased before boarding or from an assistant in the Green Car. On Shinkansen lines reservation is compulsory to travel in a Green Car and this should be included at the time of ticket purchase. With a Japan Rail Green Pass reservations are generally complementary but must be obtained before travel.

===Seishun 18 "Kippu" Ticket===

A Seishun 18 ticket allows unlimited basic rate travel on all JR [Non-Shinkansen] conventional lines, for a number of days in a year. It has three defined purchase periods and three defined e.g. holiday time usage periods each year. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishun_18_Ticket#Exception Seishun 18 Ticket].

The ticket sheet is valid for 5 days of, not necessarily contiguous, travel by one person or a groups of people e.g. 5 traveling on one day and is aimed at younger people hence the "18" in the title and those who are less in a hurry.

===Tokyo Area One Day Passes===

A number of one day passes for either train or metro or buses (or combinations of) in the [https://tokyocheapo.com/travel/transport/tokyo-one-day-passes/ Tokyo Area]

==Infrastructure==

===Gauges===

*1435 mm  (4 feet 8½  inches) Standard; JR Shinkansen, some private suburban networks/lines and subways.

*1372 mm (4 feet 6 inches) Used mainly for Keiō Line branches and some regional tram systems

*1067 mm (3 feet 6 inches) Cape; Used on original passenger and freight lines and some tram systems.

* 762 mm (2 feet 6 inches) Used on a few electrified regional and tourist lines.

===Electrification===

Electrification systems used by the JR Group are 1,500 V DC and 20 kV AC for conventional lines, and 25 kV AC for Shinkansen. 

Electrification with 600 V DC and 750 V DC are also seen on private lines and tramways. Some private lines use 1,500 V DC.

Frequency of AC power supply is 50 Hz in eastern Japan and 60 Hz in western Japan.

===Rule of the road===
Left; 
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===Distances===
The [https://www.bae.se/kitayama/index.htm Kitayama Rail Pages] have distances and line lengths indexed by Prefecture or the Railway Name or the Line Name.
There are also Wikipedia pages, in English, for most JR and private lines with distances and other basic details.
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==Tourist Lines==

[https://www.kurotetu.co.jp/en/ Kurobe Gorge Railway].

[https://daitetsu.jp/en/index.html Oigawa Railway] - The upper Ōigawa Railway [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cigawa_Railway_Ikawa_Line Ikawa Line] includes the only section of rack line in Japan.

[https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/spot/02301-1600255/ Kitakyushu Bank Retro-line]. Main site is in Japanese with some English links [https://www.retro-line.net/ Retro Line].

The [https://www.sagano-kanko.co.jp/en/ Sagano Scenic Railway] runs on a section of bypassed former JR main line.

The Rail Mountain Bike [MTB] [https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e5981.html Gattan Go] runs on a section of the abandoned Kamioka Railway line.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuzenji_Romney_Railway Shuzenji Romney Railway] [https://www.nijinosato.com/wp/wp-content/themes/nijinosato/_lib/pdf/english.pdf Leaflet].

Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO) has complied a set of [https://www.japan.travel/en/see-and-do/scenic-railways/ scenic rail journeys].

==Metros==

[https://subway.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/eng/ Fukuoka],	
Hiroshima,	 
[https://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/a89954/kurashi/access/kotsukyoku/english/index.html Kobe], 
[https://kyoto.travel/en/info/transportation/train/subway.html Kyoto],	 
[https://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/en/pc/SUBWAY/TRP0001067.htm Nagoya],	 
[https://www.osakametro.co.jp/en/ Osaka Metro], 
Sapporo,	 
[https://www.kotsu.city.sendai.jp/english/index.html Sendai],
Tokyo - [https://www.kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp/eng/ Toei Subway],
[https://www.tokyometro.jp/en/ Tokyo Metro],
Yokohama.

Links also from the [http://www.jametro.or.jp/en/japan/index.html Japanese Subway Association] page.

[https://mapa-metro.com/en/Japan/ Metros in Japan]

==Trams/LRT Systems==

See Wikipedia List

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_companies_in_Japan#Trams Trams in Japan]

and

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Japan Town Tramway Systems in Japan]

==Recent and Future Changes==
===Recent Changes===

Operations on the the 1067 mm (3 foot 6 inch) gauge, third sector, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noto_Railway Noto Railway], (part) suspended after the 1 January 2024 Sea of Japan earthquake, [https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15222737 resumed with a reduced frequency over the whole line] from 6 April 2024.

The The Kanetsuribashi bridge, on the Kurobe Gorge Railway, was damage by rock fall during the 1 January 2024 Sea of Japan earthquake. After repairs, partial [https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15254282 operation between Unazuki and Nekomata stations] resumed on 19 April 2024. Full operation didn't resume for the 2024 season as [https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e7575.html repairs could take until 2026].

JR East; the 124 km extension of the standard gauge Hokuriku Shinkansen high-speed line, from Kanazawa southwest via Fukui to Tsuruga, opened on 16 March 2024.

JR West have indicated, on 15 March 2024, that some revision of operations on the the 1067 mm (3 foot 6 inch) gauge [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanao_Line Nanao Line], following the 1 January 2024 Sea of Japan earthquake, is expected to continue until 5 April 2024. Resumption of services over the 5 km between Nanao and Wakuraonsen is expected from 6 April 2024 after Noto Railway services resume over this section.

The standard gauge [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose_Electric_Railway Nose Electric Railway] terminated its standard gauge  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoken_Cable Mt. Myoken] funicular railway operation on 3 December 2023 at the end of the 2023 operating season; [https://www.facebook.com/JapaneseTrains/posts/it-appears-that-nose-electric-railway-will-bring-forward-the-closure-of-the-myok/324063876661058/ Japanese Trains report].  This closure was brought forward from June 2024.

The 1067 mm (3 foot 6 inch) gauge [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsunomiya_Light_Rail Utsunomiya Light Rail] line opened on 26 August 2023.

The 1067 mm (3 foot 6 inch) JR Khyshu [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABdai_Main_Line Kyūdai Main Line] was reopened throughout on 20 July 2023 afterr rainfall damage in two places earlier in the month.

The 1067 mm (3 foot 6 inch) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamiaso_Railway_Takamori_Line Minamiaso Railway] line fully reopened on 15 July 2023, after damage during an earthquake in April 2013 was repaired. [https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14957741 Quake-wrecked Kumamoto railway] back in service.

Substitute buses are running on the 1067 mm (3 foot 6 inch) JR West [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Line Mine] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%27in_Main_Line Sanin] Lines from 7 July 2023 after recent rainfall damage.  [https://portalfield.com/en/news/vehicle/5099069 JR West Substitute Buses].

The 1.6 km extension of the standard gauge Fukola City Subway, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanakuma_Line Nanakuma Line], from Tenjin-Minami to Hakata Station via Kushida Shrine Station, began operation on 27 March 2023.

The 1067 mm (3 foot 6 inch), ~6 km, Sōtetsu–Tōkyū Link Line of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Kanagawa_Rail_Link Eastern Kanagawa Rail Link] opened on 18 March 2023. This has allowed the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_Shin-yokohama_Line Tōkyū Shin-yokohama Line] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dtetsu_Shin-yokohama_Line Sōtetsu Shin-yokohama Line] to commence operation and so facilitating through running between Sōtetsu, Tobu, Tōkyū, Tokyo Metro and JR East lines. 

A section of the 1067 mm (3 foot 6 inch) [https://daitetsu.jp/en/index.html Oigawa Railway] Main Line between Ieyama and Senzu is closed due to Typhon damage in December 2022, with bus replacement. Steam SL trains and local service operate as far as Ieyama. Government funding has been agreed to assist the restoration. The upper Ōigawa Railway [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cigawa_Railway_Ikawa_Line Ikawa Line] is unaffected.

JR-Khyshu opened the 66 km standard gauge [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen#Rolling_stock Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen] mini-shinkansen, between Nagasaki and Takeo-Onsen, on 23 September 2022. The route to connect it to the rest of the Kyushu Shinkansen, at Hakata Station, has yet to be decided. Gauge convertible trains have been suggested to enable the connection.

=== Future Changes===

=== Longer Closures===

The JR-East [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikuu_West_Line Rikuu West Line] was "temporarily" suspended 14 May 2022 to facilitate construction of a tunnel for the Shinjo Sakata Road of National Route 47. This will last until at least 2024-2025.

The JR-Kyushu [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisatsu_Line Hisatsu Line] is suspended, for the 87 km between Yatsushiro and Yoshimatsu, since flood damage in July 2020. No date for resumption of services has been announced.

The JR-East [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonesaka_Line Yonesaka Line] is partially suspended, between Imaizumi Station and Sakamachi Station, due to rainstorm damage in August 2022. Full restoration could take several years while financing is sorted out.

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==Lines with Obscure or Sparse passenger services==
See [[Japan - Lines with Obscure or Sparse passenger services]].

==See also==
{{Navbox Japan}}
[[Category:Countries in Asia]][[Category:Countries]]